A motorcycle accident with late consequences

The motorcycle of a 20-year-old patient slipped on the wet road. He remembers hitting the road with his left shoulder and his left arm being hyperextended. He was examined at the hospital where an X-ray of the shoulder was performed, that showed no osseous lesion. He had some pain in the shoulder, which decreased. during the following days. Already shortly after the accident he felt some tingling on the lateral lower arm, which he was told would surely go away soon as well.
Two months after the accident he shows up in your office, because he noticed his left biceps somehow got smaller. Furthermore, the tingling in the forearm is still present.
He brings an ultrasound of the biceps tendon which is unremarkable and also says that the biceps looks normal. The same accounts for an MRI of the brachial plexus.
On inspection you see a highly atrophied biceps brachii on the left. In clinical examination mild weakness in elbow flection and hypesthesia on the lateral left forearm is noted.
What is your suspected diagnosis?
Which nerve would you scan?
See the ultrasound video and images below:
Find the ultrasound images below:
Video: You are following the left musculocutaneous nerve on its course through the coracobrachial muscle from distally to proximally. White arrow: musculocutaneous nerve

Image 1: Transverse view of the musculocutaneous nerve from proximal (a.) with a CSA of 5 mm2, in the middle of the lesion (b.) with a maximum CSA of 15 mm2 and distally to it (c.) with a CSA returning to normal 4 mm2.

Image 2: a. longitudinal view of the musculocutanous nerve with a sudden increase in diameter. Due to the winded course of the nerve, achieving a longitudinal view across the whole lesion in one image was not possible.
b. side-to-side comparison of the musculocutanous nerve in transverse view. Also notice the reduction of muscle mass above the nerve due to atrophy of the biceps on the affected side.

Image 3: the biceps brachii in side-to-side comparison. Although the accident was already two months ago and obviously a large muscle volume is lost, echogenicity is not dramatically increased on the affected side.
What have we found here? A high-grade trauma of the musculocutaneous nerve. Taking medical history into account, a stretch injury is our diagnosis.
How would you treat this young man? And how does ultrasound aid your decision?
Looking forward to your feedback.
Best regards and keep scanning!
Great case. I will do hydro dissection.
Hi, Thank you for this very interesting case. Given the clinical picture and not much hyperechogenicity in the biceps, I suspect there is some reinnervation going on, plus the nerve is swollen but in continuity. I’d opt for conservative treatment then. Looking forward to learning other thoughts on this case!
Hello,
As the fascicular structure of the musculocutaneous nerve is lost on US with a swollen appearance, the biceps muscle is not entirely denervated, and as the patient has an abnormal clinical evolution at 2 months post-trauma, I would recommend a neurolysis by a peripheral nerve surgeon.
Regards,
Vadim Afanasiev
Dear colleagues,
Thank you so much for your valuable comments, which we appreciate a lot.
Actually as there was loss of the fascicular structure of the nerve we diagnosed a Grade IV injury according to Sunderland (axonotmesis with rupture of endo- and perineurium), which shows poor prognosis for spontaneous reinnervation. We refered him to our plastic surgeons (just happened last week, we do not have feedback yet).
Regards
Doris Lieba-Samal